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This sound, <ph>, can also be written more commonly as <f>, so there鈥檚 not much need to explain what that sound means. There are a wealth of reasons why certain writing systems may contain digraphs, but for <ph>, the general rule of thumb is that these are morphemes - parts of words that have meaning - taken from the Greek lexicon, and in Greek the pronunciation of the /f/ sound is often softer in sound because it is a slightly different sound to the one we make in English.

One interesting fact about the word 鈥榯elephone鈥� is that the morphemes tele- and -phone, which mean 鈥渄istance鈥� and 鈥渟ound鈥� respectively, were stolen/borrowed/taken (whichever you prefer) from the Greek lexicon and put together to give a meaning resembling 鈥榮ound from a distance鈥� 鈥� or something similar. Once these morphemes were put together in English to make an English word, they entered our lexicons and were popular enough that Greek lexicons stole/borrowed/took back the word we made from their words and added it to their language - 鈥榯elephono鈥�. I digress.

So English, with its constantly odd spelling rules, has a lot of these double letters, or digraphs, that are often put together to make one sound. Some of these sounds, or phones 鈥� yes, from Greek 鈥� are glides between two vowel sounds that in our heads we see as one and these are known as diphthongs. Romance languages don鈥檛 tend to have as many diphthongs as Germanic languages, and English has many vowels throughout its vast variety of dialects and accents, which is unusal.  Diphthongs are partly to blame for this, and there are at least eight distinct diphthongs in Standard RP English.

• /e瑟/ as in the <ay> in 鈥榖ay鈥� or the <a> in 鈥榖ake鈥�. 
• /a瑟/ as in the <uy> in 鈥榖uy鈥� or the <i> in 鈥榖ite鈥�.
• /蓴瑟/ as in the <oy> in 鈥榖oy鈥� or the <oi> in 鈥榖oil鈥�.
• /a蕣/ as in the <o> in 鈥榮o鈥�.
• /蓹蕣/ as in the <ow> in 鈥榮ow鈥�.
• /瑟蓹/ as in the <ea> in 鈥榚ar鈥� or the <ee> in 鈥榮teer鈥�.
• /e蓹/ as in the <ai> in 鈥榣air鈥� or the <a> in 鈥榮tare鈥�.
• /蕣蓹/ as in the <u> in 鈥榩ure鈥�.

There are many more examples of this, and it is totally dependent upon your dialect as to how many of these you use. If you are a speaker of Geordie dialects, for example, you would tend to use a larger variety of diphthongs. Due to English descending from the linguistic branch of the Germanic family, and its affinity for diphthongs, we also have triphthongs too. Much like diphthongs 鈥榞liding鈥� from one target vowel to another, triphthongs rather logically 鈥榞lide鈥� exactly like a diphthong would, but then to an additional target vowel afterwards, giving three vowels in one sound. In Cockney English, they are particularly common, and here they are鈥�

• /a蕣蓹/ as in the <ower> in 鈥榯ower鈥�.
• /a瑟蓹/ as in the <ire> in 鈥榯ire鈥�.
• /蓴瑟蓹/ as in the <oyer> in 鈥榯oyer鈥�.

Written strings of three letters would be considered trigraphs and some of these would include <our>, which also is a triphthong, <err>, <mmm>, <igh>. Could there be any more vowels added on? Could we, for instance, have a string of four letters representing one sound? Or a glide of four target vowels that make one sound? So, words have subunits known as morphemes which have their own meaning, and these morphemes are made of syllables, just as words are. Syllables themselves are made from an onset and a rhyme where the rhyme is made from a nucleus and a coda. The coda is the final part of the syllable, whilst the onset is the first, and the nucleus is everything in between which primarily are vowels. So in theory, there is nothing to say we cannot have four vowels within the nucleus of the syllable, it鈥檚 just that we don鈥檛 have any meaningful examples in any known living languages today (a string of vowels uttered when the speaker is thinking is the only example of a tetraphthong that I can think of). Tetragraphs, however, do exist in English such as <ough> for words like 鈥榙ough鈥� and 鈥榩lough鈥� 鈥� and yes, you have had enough of ough 鈥� but they occur in other languages too like in French where <eaux> appears in 鈥榗hateaux鈥� and 鈥榞ateaux鈥� 鈥� though whilst it is a written tetragraph, it is phonetically a diphthong.

So, I hope I have not baffled you by strange combinations of written and spoken letters in digraphs and trigraphs, triphthongs and diphthongs, but I have yet to talk about monographs, monophthongs, and silent letters 鈥� which is coming next鈥�

Written by DP, Digital Student Ambassador.